Salal is a key ingredient in bouquets, wreaths and floral displays worldwide. Rayonier and its salal customers work to responsibly source and harvest the popular shrub sold and used in the floral industry.
WASHINGTON STATE – While Rayonier is known for sustainable forestry, our forests also provide valuable non-timber resources. Deep in Rayonier’s Washington forests, under the shade of the trees, a thick evergreen shrub called salal grows.
Floral companies all over the world seek out this bushy filler plant, as it provides volume and a beautiful greenery backdrop for floral arrangements and bouquets.
Also known as lemon leaf, salal is unique to the Pacific Northwest, thriving in the cool, damp conditions the region is famous for. It does especially well in coniferous forests, which provide the shade salal grows best in. Well-drained, acidic soils are best for this beautiful shrub.
Each year, nearly 3 million bunches of salal are harvested from Rayonier land. By allowing responsible harvesting on our land, we help support the floral industry while ensuring the long-term health of our forests.
This article explores how salal is grown, harvested, and delivered to florists, all while maintaining responsible forest management practices.
- What is salal?
- Where is salal grown?
- How is salal harvested from Rayonier forests?
- When can you harvest salal?
- How to pick salal without damaging the plant
- How the best salal leaves are selected for floral arrangements
- The demand for salal and industry challenges
- The role of wild-harvested plants in the floral industry
What is Salal? Exploring This Evergreen Shrub Used in Floral Arrangements
With the scientific name Gaulthoria shallon, salal is a dense evergreen shrub that grows native to the Pacific Northwest. Well-established in Rayonier forests, the brush spreads across the forest floor and can grow up to 5 feet tall.
Known for its deep green, waxy, oblong leaves, salal is a highly sought after plant in the floral industry. Used most commonly as a filler plant, it’s a popular choice for florists, designers, and event planners who use it to add volume and texture to:
- Bouquets – Provides a natural greenery backdrop.
- Wreaths & holiday décor – Holds up well in arrangements.
- Centerpieces & floral displays – Adds fullness and contrast to flowers.
Where is Salal Grown? Why Rayonier’s Forests Provide the Ideal Conditions
Each year, millions of bunches of salal are harvested from Rayonier forests to supply the global floral industry. But what makes these forests such a prime location for salal growth?
Salal is native to the Pacific Northwest, thriving in Washington State’s cool, damp forests. It grows especially well under the shade of towering conifers, making Rayonier’s forests a prime environment for sustainable salal harvesting.
“Rayonier forests provide salal with favorable growing conditions,” says George Brulotte, Senior Development Manager at Rayonier. “It thrives in the shade when a stand of trees is about 12 to 14 years of age and is starting to close in.”
Salal grows best in:
- Dense coniferous forests – The shade helps regulate moisture and temperature.
- Cool, damp environments – The mild, wet climate supports year-round growth.
- Well-drained, acidic soils – Essential for root development and plant health.
Because salal naturally regenerates, responsible harvesting ensures a continuous supply while maintaining the health of the forest ecosystem. Rayonier works closely with its clients who harvest to ensure that salal collection is done sustainably, preserving both the plant and its habitat for future growth.
How is Salal Harvested From Rayonier Forests?
Salal harvesting on Rayonier land is a carefully managed process. It starts with companies like Continental Floral Greens, which contracts with Rayonier in order to be able to harvest salal from specific Rayonier forests.
Continental Floral Greens then sells permits to contractors, who go to Rayonier’s land to pick the salal. Pickers use the company’s mapping system to navigate the forest and find the shrubs. Many of the pickers have been working with the company for generations.
At the end of the day, the contractors bring bunches of salal back to Continental’s company warehouse, where it is stored before it is shipped out.
“We’ve had a great working relationship with Rayonier since 1994,” says Joshua Eveland, Land Manager at Continental Floral Greens. “We manage the harvesting of salal and other various forest products.”
On Rayonier land specifically, Continental Floral Greens also harvests rush, bear grass and huck.
When Can You Harvest Salal From the Forest?
Salal is a seasonal forest product. Harvesting typically takes place over a 10-month period beginning in mid-July and ending in April or mid-May. From May to July, harvesting ends to allow the salal time to grow, develop, and harden. Then, the process repeats.
“Depending upon the weather, picking season may vary,” explains Gus Gerrits, Business Development Manager at Rayonier. “Some years we’ve had cool spring seasons, slowing the plant’s growth. In that case, companies will extend their picking season.”
How to Pick Salal Without Damaging the Plant
During picking season, best management practices are strictly enforced to ensure salal is harvested responsibly. Mechanical tools and knives are prohibited because the salal fibers are somewhat sensitive and require careful handling.
To protect the plant fibers, salal stems are broken off by hand.
Why Hand-Picking Salal is Essential
When cut with a knife, or other mechanical tool, the salal doesn’t grow back as efficiently as it should. The action of cutting ends up killing about three to six inches of the stem. It will grow back, but it can stunt the next year’s growth.
The proper harvesting method involves:
- Breaking off 12 to 18-inch salal stems by hand.
- The picker grips the stem between their thumb and forefinger.
- With enough pressure, the salad naturally separates.
According to Joshua, a single picker can cover about an acre of land per-day (an acre is about the size of a football field).
“That’s harvesting sparingly,” he says. “We don’t want to overharvest the plant. We’re looking to get the new growth, stripping away any old leaves, and making sure the shrub will grow back the following year.”
Ensuring Sustainable Harvesting of Salal
To avoid improper cutting and overharvesting, Rayonier offers multi-year contracts to companies that practice sustainable harvesting, like Continental Floral Greens. These contracts provide assurance that the salal will grow back each year.
“Multi-year contracts are positive for everyone involved,” says George. “The companies maintain the understory, enforce protocols for accurate and sustainable picking, and in return, the salal grows back each year. It’s a win-win for both our customers and Rayonier.”
What Happens After Harvesting Salal?
After a day of picking, the salal is bundled up and carried out of the forest. It’s taken to the company’s warehouse, where it is stored and preserved in large commercial coolers.
“In a cooler, salal can stay fresh for about 2 to 3 months,” says Gus. “It’s a very hardy plant. It has to be, because some of it is later packaged in a container and shipped by boat to Europe and other countries.”
According to Continental Floral Greens, salal “has the longest vase life of any floral product” and can actually last an entire year in a cooler.
How the Best Salal Leaves are Selected for Floral Arrangements
After picking is complete, Continental Floral Greens’ employees sort and inspect the salal leaves against their premium standards.
What Makes the Perfect Salal Leaf?
- Deep green color – No yellowing or discoloration.
- Unblemished surface – Leaves must be free of bug chew, tree sap, or deformities.
- Strong, healthy stems – Ensures longevity in floral arrangements.
“In order for it to pass the test, the salal must have dark green, unblemished leaves,” Joshua explains. “Any blemished leaves, leaves with any kind of deformity, damage from tree sap or bug chew on them are physically removed by hand.”
Salal stems that pass the criteria are packaged and sold to wholesalers throughout the United States, Japan, the European Union, South America, and Australia.
The Demand for Salal: Industry Challenges & Market Trends
By far, the company’s largest customer base is the United States. But its customers are all around the world too.
“Europe is more traditional in that flowers are a large part of their culture,” says George. “In Europe, it’s common to see fresh bouquets displayed around hotels and on every table in restaurants.”
Salal also appears in bouquets in the U.S. during holidays and other special occasions, like weddings.
The Role of Wild-Harvested Plants in the Floral Industry
While many products used in floral arrangements are carefully grown specifically for that purpose, wild products like salal and evergreen boughs also play a very important role in the floral industry.
Rayonier is proud to play a role in supporting sustainable, responsible land management that supports the floral industry as well as the forestry industry. By allowing sustainable salal harvesting, we help maintain the long-term health of our forests while supplying florists worldwide with high-quality greenery.
To learn more about how Rayonier uses land resources like salal, visit our Land Resources page.
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